I do not bother any more with microscale phenomena but I remember there was a great thread long time ago on wrx about this very problem. I'll try to renew the ideas. First, I do not care about any other relations of a clubface than its relation to the swing arc. In this sense, the clubface must be always open at the top, no matter what happens, due to biomechanical reasons. A hypothetical square-to-the-arc clubface position at the top is when the clubface is pointing EAST assuming we are facing NORTH. of course, it is not possible to arrive there due to the elbow joint limited motion.
Let's use simple notions WEST, NORTH, EAST, SOUTH. Let's assume that a RH golfer faces NORTH at setup while the target is located WEST. Let's now analyze some time frames of a swing motion:
- the top: it does not matter if the face points more to the sky or less - this is delofting/adding loft phenomenon that has nothing to do with openness of the face because it happens in another axis; the very face can point NORTH-EAST, NORTH and NORTH-WEST;
NE - when a golfer is ATL;
N - when a golfer is between ATL and laid-off;
NW - when a golfer is laid-off.
The more the clubface orientation is to the EAST direction (reminder: we're taking about the top now) the closer it is to be square to the arc, i.e. less open. Cupping the lead wrist (dorsi flexion) makes the clubhead go in the ATL direction, therefore, it shifts to a less open position;
- the position of Hogan on the left picture Bob posted; Hogan's lead wrist is still dorsi flexed and points somehow NORTH; if we imagine his wrist be bowed (palmarily flexed) the clubface would point EAST or NORTH-EAST - which means more open than NORTH (reminder: we are not at the top any more and now coming into impact zone; anything tending more to WEST is squarer to the arc = less open). From EAST to WEST we need to go through NORTH, of course;
- it means that Hogan, when going from cupped to bowed, kept his clubhace open to the swing arc more effectively than in case he kept his lead wrist unchangeably flat all the time. It might have been his real secret - not the very phenomenon of cupped lead wrist at the top but exactly the process of uncupping (cupped to bowed) that simply must have happened (unintentionally - subconscious mind guarantees it) because otherwise he would have missed the ball and swung half a meter above it.
Here is more or less the thought process that I patricipated some years ago. Now, if you find something interesting here - just discuss or negate it.
Cheers