Some little considered D-Plane/U-Plane facts:
• If the face is square to the path, hitting up produces a straight pull, hitting down produces a straight push.
True, but you must also take into account the droop dynamics of the clubhead and shaft tip which alters the face angle at Impact. The inclined swing plane and club path is therefore not the only factor that affects the clubface normal vector.
For compact blade irons, the clubhead CoG is very nearly aligned to the shaft axis, therefore the clubhead droop will be in line with the shaft axis. However for clubs like the driver head with the CofG well behind the club face, the eccentricity will cause the driver head to close as it droops and twists.
These factors must be taken into account, because droop and twisting can substantially affect Impact results. Shaft stiffness, swing speed and downswing shaft loading profile are direct factors that affect the clubhead normal vector.
• If the "direction of the swing"/Plane Line/HSP is correctly rotated for a straight-at-the-target resultant path, the face HAS TO BE closed to the DoS/PL/HSP to hit a straight shot on an upward hit, and open to the DoS/PL/HSP to hit a straight shot on an downward. How much? For example on a Driver with a 45° Swing Plane/Plane Angle/VSP, and a 5° upward strike, the face has to be 5° closed to the plane!
Yes, and the driver face closure is also due to CofG alignment and tip droop. The question is: where and how much is the face closing due to droop and twisting? Geometrically, a 5º upward strike is about 5 inches past the bottom of a large swing radius.
The True Temper ShaftLab provided data on how much the clubhead toe deflects up and down during the downswing shaft loading, but alas, ShaftLab is no longer available.
• On a straight at the target Direction of Swing/Plane Line/HSP, and a 4° downward strike, angled hinging (face square to the path) will produce a straight push, nowhere near the target!
To hit the ball at the target, from this straight at the target Direction of Swing/Plane Line/HSP, and a 4° downward strike, the clubface need to be about 2° closed to the arc/path at mid-impact interval—and the shot would be a draw.
Again, a 4º downward strike would geometrically be about 4 inches before the bottom of the swing path and typical of wedge shots. Interestingly, a "fat" divot seems to track straight, but a divot after the ball seems to skew left, or the inside. I have suggested that this inside skewing is due to the clubhead losing it's droop and returning to a toe up position causing the heel to dig in first and torquing the toe around to pull the divot inside. The straight divot reflects the droop pulling the toe down and flattening the club sole level with the ground.
A scientific study of the Impact event also revealed there is a "kickback" effect between the ball and clubhead, whereby the clubhead "whipsnaps" during the 0.0005 ms Impact event. This kickback is timed in a microseconds which means it's very fast. It has the effect of 'slinging' the ball off the clubhead. Then there is the COR face "trampolining" effect!!!
I guess the question is how can a golfer take into account all the static geometric and dynamic factors to determine how the D-plane ball flight is affected?
Btw .. does anybody know why Jorgensen called it the "D"-plane ?